![]() ![]() Instead, what Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley invented in 1947 was the first bipolar point-contact transistor. Having unearthed Lilienfeld’s patents that went into obscurity years earlier, lawyers at Bell Labs advised against Shockley's proposal since the idea of a field-effect transistor which used an electric field as a “grid” was not new. According to Lillian Hoddeson and Vicki Daitch, authors of a biography of John Bardeen, Shockley had proposed that Bell Labs' first patent for a transistor should be based on the field-effect and that he be named as the inventor. Pierce as a portmanteau of the term "transfer resistor". ![]() The term transistor was coined by John R. Solid State Physics Group leader William Shockley saw the potential in this, and over the next few months worked to greatly expand the knowledge of semiconductors. įrom Novemto December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States, performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. In 1934, German inventor Oskar Heil patented a similar device. Since the production of high-quality semiconductor materials was still decades away, Lilienfeld's solid-state amplifier ideas would not have found practical use in the 1920s and 1930s, even if such a device had been built. However, Lilienfeld did not publish any research articles about his devices nor did his patents cite any specific examples of a working prototype. Lilienfeld also filed identical patents in the United States in 19. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada in 1925, which was intended to be a solid-state replacement for the triode. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, propelled the electronics age forward, enabling amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. ![]() A replica of the first working transistor. ![]()
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